High-J CO emission in the Cepheus E protostellar outflow observed with SOFIA/GREAT

TL;DR

This study uses SOFIA/GREAT to observe high-J CO lines in the Cepheus E protostellar outflow, revealing high-velocity molecular bullets and providing insights into the physical conditions of the outflowing gas.

Contribution

First spectrally resolved high-J CO observations of Cep E outflow with detailed analysis of velocity components and physical conditions.

Findings

Detection of high-velocity CO emission up to 100 km/s

Identification of molecular bullets in high-velocity ranges

Constraints on temperature (>100 K) and density (>10^4 cm^-3)

Abstract

We present and analyze two spectrally resolved high-J CO lines towards the molecular outflow Cep E, driven by an intermediate-mass class 0 protostar. Using the GREAT receiver on board SOFIA, we observed the CO (12--11) and (13--12) transitions (E_u ~ 430 and 500 K, respectively) towards one position in the blue lobe of this outflow, that had been known to display high-velocity molecular emission. We detect the outflow emission in both transitions, up to extremely high velocities (~ 100 km/s with respect to the systemic velocity). We divide the line profiles into three velocity ranges that each have interesting spectral features: standard, intermediate, and extremely high-velocity. One distinct bullet is detected in each of the last two. A large velocity gradient analysis for these three velocity ranges provides constraints on the kinetic temperature and volume density of the emitting gas, >~ 100 K and > ~ 10^4 cm^-3, respectively. These results are in agreement with previous ISO observations and are comparable with results obtained by Herschel for similar objects. We conclude that high-J CO lines are a good tracer of molecular bullets in protostellar outflows. Our analysis suggests that different physical conditions are at work in the intermediate velocity range compared with the standard and extremely high-velocity gas at the observed position.