On the asymptotic and practical complexity of solving bivariate systems over the reals

TL;DR

This paper introduces three algorithms for solving bivariate polynomial systems over the reals, achieving improved asymptotic complexity bounds and practical robustness, with applications to root isolation and curve topology.

Contribution

The paper presents three new algorithms with asymptotic complexity bounds of OB(N^{12}) for real root isolation and curve topology, improving upon previous bounds, and demonstrates their implementation and robustness.

Findings

Achieved OB(N^{12}) complexity for real root isolation and topology computation.

Algorithms outperform existing methods in robustness and runtime.

Implemented algorithms in MAPLE with competitive performance.

Abstract

This paper is concerned with exact real solving of well-constrained, bivariate polynomial systems. The main problem is to isolate all common real roots in rational rectangles, and to determine their intersection multiplicities. We present three algorithms and analyze their asymptotic bit complexity, obtaining a bound of $\sOB(N^{14})$ for the purely projection-based method, and $\sOB(N^{12})$ for two subresultant-based methods: this notation ignores polylogarithmic factors, where $N$ bounds the degree and the bitsize of the polynomials. The previous record bound was $\sOB(N^{14})$. Our main tool is signed subresultant sequences. We exploit recent advances on the complexity of univariate root isolation, and extend them to sign evaluation of bivariate polynomials over two algebraic numbers, and real root counting for polynomials over an extension field. Our algorithms apply to the problem of simultaneous inequalities; they also compute the topology of real plane algebraic curves in $\sOB(N^{12})$, whereas the previous bound was $\sOB(N^{14})$. All algorithms have been implemented in MAPLE, in conjunction with numeric filtering. We compare them against FGB/RS, system solvers from SYNAPS, and MAPLE libraries INSULATE and TOP, which compute curve topology. Our software is among the most robust, and its runtimes are comparable, or within a small constant factor, with respect to the C/C++ libraries. Key words: real solving, polynomial systems, complexity, MAPLE software