Gravitational confinement of photons and matter from Induced Matter theory

TL;DR

This paper introduces an extended 5D metric with a time-like extra dimension to demonstrate that photons and matter can be gravitationally confined, with photons exhibiting periodic trajectories within a specific radius.

Contribution

It presents a novel 5D vacuum model using an extended Schwarzschild-Anti de Sitter metric to explain gravitational confinement of photons and matter.

Findings

Photons are confined within a radius of 2mG/c^2.

Photon trajectories are periodic and confined by gravity.

Massive particles are also confined but have non-periodic trajectories.

Abstract

Using an Extended Scharzschild-Anti de Sitter (ESAdS) metric here introduced, where the noncompact extra dimension is time-like, we study the gravitational confinement of matter and photons from a 5D vacuum. The important result here obtained is that the photon trajectories (in general, massless particles) are periodic. They are confined to a radius $r\leq 2 m G/c^2$ by the gravitational field. Massive test particles are also gravitationally confined, but their trajectories are not periodic.