Modelling of impaired cerebral blood flow due to gaseous emboli

TL;DR

This study introduces a comprehensive Monte-Carlo simulation model that predicts how gaseous emboli affect cerebral blood flow, considering realistic physical and biological factors, with implications for clinical procedures.

Contribution

The paper presents the first detailed model incorporating bubble deformation, adhesion, fluid dynamics, and dissolution to study embolus effects on brain blood flow.

Findings

Higher blood pressure reduces embolic obstruction.

Bubble deformation modeling prevents overestimation of blockages.

Gas solubility influences embolus clearance and obstruction levels.

Abstract

Bubbles introduced to the arterial circulation during invasive medical procedures can have devastating consequences for brain function but their effects are currently difficult to quantify. Here we present a Monte-Carlo simulation investigating the impact of gas bubbles on cerebral blood flow. For the first time, this model includes realistic adhesion forces, bubble deformation, fluid dynamical considerations, and bubble dissolution. This allows investigation of the effects of buoyancy, solubility, and blood pressure on embolus clearance. Our results illustrate that blockages depend on several factors, including the number and size distribution of incident emboli, dissolution time and blood pressure. We found it essential to model the deformation of bubbles to avoid overestimation of arterial obstruction. Incorporation of buoyancy effects within our model slightly reduced the overall level of obstruction but did not decrease embolus clearance times. We found that higher blood pressures generate lower levels of obstruction and improve embolus clearance. Finally, we demonstrate the effects of gas solubility and discuss potential clinical applications of the model.