Real time simulation of 2007 Santa Ana fires

TL;DR

This paper presents a computationally efficient coupled atmosphere-fire model that balances fidelity and speed, enabling near real-time wildfire spread forecasting demonstrated on the 2007 Santa Ana fires.

Contribution

It introduces an intermediate coupled model combining physics-based atmosphere-fire interactions with simplified combustion, suitable for real-time wildfire prediction.

Findings

Achieved reasonable accuracy in wind and fire spread forecasts.

Demonstrated real-time simulation capability for large wildfires.

Validated the approach on the 2007 Santa Ana fires.

Abstract

There are many wildfire behaviors of increasing relevance that are outside the forecast capabilities of even the most sophisticated operational fire spread and fire behavior model. The limitations of the operational models are due primarily to their inability to represent coupled fire-atmosphere interactions. Coupled wildfire-atmosphere models are physics-based fluid-dynamical prognostic models of wildfire spread and behavior that attempt an almost complete representation of fire-atmosphere interactions. This level of fidelity however means that these models cannot be used operationally. The reason is that, despite ever increasing computational resources, the complexity and range of processes and scales (1 mm to 100 km) involved in this modeling approach make computational costs prohibitively expensive. In this study we propose an intermediate approach. A physics-based coupled atmosphere-fire model is used to resolve the large-scale and local weather as well as the atmosphere-fire interactions, while combustion is represented simply using an existing operational surface fire behavior model. This model combination strikes a balance between fidelity and speed of execution. The feasibility of this approach is examined based on an analysis of a numerical simulation of two very large Santa Ana fires using WRF-Sfire, a coupled atmosphere-fire model available at the Open Wildland Fire Modeling Community (OpenWFM.org); an earlier version is available as WRF-Fire in WRF release. The study demonstrates that a wind and fire spread forecast of reasonable accuracy was obtained at an execution speed that would have made real-time wildfire forecasting of this event possible.