Onset of Localization in Heterogeneous Interfacial Failure

TL;DR

This study numerically investigates the failure process of an interface between two elastic materials, revealing that localization is an instability that occurs before or after the critical load depending on elastic properties, with failure involving a finite fiber fraction.

Contribution

It demonstrates that localization is an instability rather than a phase transition and clarifies the role of elastic constants in failure behavior, contrasting earlier models.

Findings

Failure follows equal load sharing model without spatial correlations initially.

Localization onset is an instability, not a phase transition.

A finite fraction of fibers fails before total failure, even in localization regimes.

Abstract

We study numerically the failure of an interface joining two elastic materials under load using a fiber bundle model connected to an elastic half space. We find that the breakdown process follows the equal load sharing fiber bundle model without any detectable spatial correlations between the positions of the failing fibers until localization sets in. The onset of localization is an instability, not a phase transition. Depending on the elastic constant describing the elastic half space, localization sets in before or after the critical load causing the interface to fail completely, is reached. There is a crossover between failure due to localization or failure without spatial correlations when tuning the elastic constant, not a phase transition. Contrary to earlier claims based on models different from ours, we find that a finite fraction of fibers must fail before the critical load is attained, even in the extreme localization regime, i.e.\ for very small elastic constant. We furthermore find that the critical load remains finite for all values of the elastic constant in the limit of an infinitely large system.