Asymptotically Optimal Algorithms for Pickup and Delivery Problems with Application to Large-Scale Transportation Systems

TL;DR

This paper introduces an asymptotically optimal algorithm for the Stacker Crane Problem, applicable to large-scale transportation systems, with theoretical analysis and conditions for stable vehicle routing in dynamic demand scenarios.

Contribution

It presents a novel asymptotically optimal algorithm for the SCP with low computational complexity and characterizes the optimal tour length, also analyzing a dynamic version for large-scale systems.

Findings

Algorithm is asymptotically optimal as problem size grows.

Derived a necessary and sufficient condition for stable routing policies.

Connected Euclidean Bipartite Matching with random permutation theory.

Abstract

The Stacker Crane Problem is NP-Hard and the best known approximation algorithm only provides a 9/5 approximation ratio. The objective of this paper is threefold. First, by embedding the problem within a stochastic framework, we present a novel algorithm for the SCP that: (i) is asymptotically optimal, i.e., it produces, almost surely, a solution approaching the optimal one as the number of pickups/deliveries goes to infinity; and (ii) has computational complexity $O(n^{2+\eps})$, where $n$ is the number of pickup/delivery pairs and $\eps$ is an arbitrarily small positive constant. Second, we asymptotically characterize the length of the optimal SCP tour. Finally, we study a dynamic version of the SCP, whereby pickup and delivery requests arrive according to a Poisson process, and which serves as a model for large-scale demand-responsive transport (DRT) systems. For such a dynamic counterpart of the SCP, we derive a necessary and sufficient condition for the existence of stable vehicle routing policies, which depends only on the workspace geometry, the stochastic distributions of pickup and delivery points, the arrival rate of requests, and the number of vehicles. Our results leverage a novel connection between the Euclidean Bipartite Matching Problem and the theory of random permutations, and, for the dynamic setting, exhibit novel features that are absent in traditional spatially-distributed queueing systems.