Jacobsthal sums, Legendre polynomials and binary quadratic forms

TL;DR

This paper proves a uniform congruence involving Jacobsthal sums, Legendre polynomials, and binary quadratic forms, extending Morton’s work and exploring supercongruences modulo p^2.

Contribution

It introduces a new uniform congruence relating Jacobsthal sums to binomial coefficients and quadratic forms, and proposes conjectures on supercongruences.

Findings

Established a uniform congruence for Jacobsthal sums involving Legendre symbols.

Derived multiple congruences for solutions of quadratic forms modulo p.

Proposed conjectures on supercongruences modulo p^2 for binary quadratic forms.

Abstract

Let $p>3$ be a prime and $m,n\in\Bbb Z$ with $p\nmid mn$. Built on the work of Morton, in the paper we prove the uniform congruence: $$&\sum_{x=0}^{p-1}\Big(\frac{x^3+mx+n}p\Big) \equiv {-(-3m)^{\frac{p-1}4} \sum_{k=0}^{p-1}\binom{-\frac 1{12}}k\binom{-\frac 5{12}}k (\frac{4m^3+27n^2}{4m^3})^k\pmod p&\t{if $4\mid p-1$,} \frac{2m}{9n}(\frac{-3m}p)(-3m)^{\frac{p+1}4} \sum_{k=0}^{p-1}\binom{-\frac 1{12}}k\binom{-\frac 5{12}}k (\frac{4m^3+27n^2}{4m^3})^k\pmod p&\text{if $4\mid p-3$,}$$ where $(\frac ap)$ is the Legendre symbol. We also establish many congruences for $x\pmod p$, where $x$ is given by $p=x^2+dy^2$ or $4p=x^2+dy^2$, and pose some conjectures on supercongruences modulo $p^2$ concerning binary quadratic forms.