Surface Brightness Fluctuations as Primary and Secondary Distance Indicators

TL;DR

The paper discusses the use of Surface Brightness Fluctuations (SBF) as a precise method for measuring galaxy distances, calibrating it with stellar models and Cepheids, and applying it across optical and infrared wavelengths.

Contribution

It introduces improved calibration of the SBF method, demonstrating its accuracy and potential for extending distance measurements into the Hubble flow.

Findings

SBF provides 2% relative distances for Virgo and Fornax clusters.

Calibration agreement between models and Cepheids has improved significantly.

Infrared SBF calibration enables accurate distance measurements at greater cosmic scales.

Abstract

The surface brightness fluctuations (SBF) method measures the variance in a galaxy's light distribution arising from fluctuations in the numbers and luminosities of individual stars per resolution element. Once calibrated for stellar population effects, SBF measurements with HST provide distances to early-type galaxies with unrivaled precision. Optical SBF data from HST for the Virgo and Fornax clusters give the relative distances of these nearby fiducial clusters with 2% precision and constrain their internal structures. Observations in hand will allow us to tie the Coma cluster, the standard of comparison for distant cluster studies, into the same precise relative distance scale. The SBF method can be calibrated in an absolute sense either empirically from Cepheids or theoretically from stellar population models. The agreement between the model and empirical zero points has improved dramatically, providing an independent confirmation of the Cepheid distance scale. SBF is still brighter in the near-IR, and an ongoing program to calibrate the method for the F110W and F160W passbands of the WFC3 IR channel will enable accurate distance derivation whenever a large early-type galaxy or bulge is observed in these passbands at distances reaching well out into the Hubble flow.