The Effect of Major Mergers on Age and Metallicity Across the Fundamental Plane

TL;DR

This study models how major galaxy mergers influence the structural and stellar population properties of elliptical galaxies, revealing discrepancies with observations that suggest additional processes like minor mergers are important.

Contribution

The paper introduces an analytic model predicting the effects of major mergers on galaxy properties, comparing these predictions with observations to assess the role of mergers in galaxy evolution.

Findings

Age correlates tightly with velocity dispersion.

Major mergers alone do not fully explain observed properties.

Minor mergers may account for discrepancies.

Abstract

Recent low-redshift observations have attempted to determine the star formation histories of elliptical galaxies by tracking correlations between the stellar population parameters (age and metallicity) and the structural parameters that enter the fundamental plane (size and velocity dispersion). These studies have found that velocity dispersion, rather than effective radius or dynamical mass, is the main predictor of a galaxy's stellar age and metallicity. In this work, we apply an analytic model that predicts the structural properties of remnants formed in major mergers to progenitor disk galaxies with properties taken from two different semi-analytic models. We predict the effective radius, velocity dispersion, luminosity, age, and metallicity of the merger remnants, enabling us to compare directly to observations of early-type galaxies. While we find a tight correlation between age and velocity dispersion, we find a stronger dependence of age and metallicity on effective radius than observations report. The correlations arise as a result of the dependence of gas fraction, age, and metallicity on the stellar mass in the progenitor disk galaxies. These dependences induce a rotation in the radius-velocity plane between the correlations with effective radius and circular velocity in the disk galaxy progenitors, and the correlations with effective radius and velocity dispersion in the elliptical galaxy remnants. The differences between our results and those from observations suggest that major mergers alone cannot produce the observed lack of correlation between effective radius and stellar population parameters. Simulations have suggested that subsequent minor mergers introduce scatter in the effective radius while leaving the velocity dispersion essentially unchanged. Incorporating such minor mergers into the model may, then, bring the simulations into closer agreement with observations.