The Chemical Signature of a Relic Star Cluster in the Sextans Dwarf Spheroidal Galaxy - Implications for Near-Field Cosmology

TL;DR

This study provides evidence for a dissolved, extremely metal-poor star cluster in the Sextans dwarf galaxy using chemical tagging, offering insights into early galaxy formation and the differences between dwarf galaxy types.

Contribution

It introduces chemical tagging to identify a potential ancient star cluster in Sextans and estimates its initial mass, highlighting differences in star cluster properties across galaxy types.

Findings

Potential star cluster identified at [Fe/H]=-2.7 in Sextans.

Estimated initial mass of the cluster is around 1.9 x 10^5 solar masses.

Ultra-faint dwarf galaxies likely had smaller star clusters than the Milky Way.

Abstract

We present tentative evidence for the existence of a dissolved star cluster at [Fe/H]=-2.7 in the Sextans dwarf spheroidal galaxy. We use the technique of chemical tagging to identify stars that are highly clustered in a multi-dimensional chemical abundance space (C-space). In a sample of six stars, three, possibly four stars are identified as potential cluster stars. The initial stellar mass of the parent cluster is estimated from two independent observations to M*,init=1.9^{+1.5}_{-0.9} (1.6^{+1.2}_{-0.8}) x 10^5 M_sol, assuming a Salpeter (Kroupa) initial mass function (IMF). If corroborated by follow-up spectroscopy, this star cluster is the most metal-poor system identified to date. Chemical signatures of remnant clusters in dwarf galaxies like Sextans provide us with a very powerful probe to the high-redshift Universe. From available observational data, we argue that the average star cluster mass in the majority of the newly discovered ultra-faint dwarf galaxies was notably lower than it is in the Galaxy today and possibly lower than in the more luminous, classical dwarf spheroidal galaxies. Furthermore, the mean cumulative metallicity function of the dwarf spheroidals falls below that of the ultra-faints, which increases with increasing metallicity as predicted from our stochastic chemical evolution model. These two findings, together with a possible difference in the <[Mg/Fe]> ratio suggest that the ultra-faint dwarf galaxy population, or a significant fraction thereof, and the dwarf spheroidal population, were formed in different environments and would thus be distinct in origin.