Discovery of the thallium, lead, bismuth, and polonium isotopes

TL;DR

This paper reviews the discovery history of isotopes of thallium, lead, bismuth, and polonium, summarizing the first publications, production, and identification methods for each isotope.

Contribution

It provides a comprehensive overview of the discovery and characterization of these isotopes, compiling historical data and discovery methods.

Findings

42 thallium isotopes discovered

42 lead isotopes discovered

41 bismuth isotopes discovered

Abstract

Currently, forty-two thallium, forty-two lead, forty-one bismuth, and forty-two polonium isotopes have so far been observed; the discovery of these isotopes is discussed. For each isotope a brief summary of the first refereed publication, including the production and identification method, is presented.