The effect of temperature mixing on the observable (T,beta)-relation of interstellar dust clouds

TL;DR

This study investigates how temperature mixing along the line-of-sight affects the observed (T,beta) relation in interstellar dust clouds, revealing conditions under which positive or negative correlations occur.

Contribution

It demonstrates that both positive and negative (T,C) correlations can result from temperature mixing, depending on the dust temperature distribution and heating conditions, clarifying previous controversies.

Findings

Both positive and negative correlations are possible due to temperature mixing.

Externally heated clouds tend to show positive (T,C) correlation.

Internally heated clouds are more likely to exhibit negative (T,C) correlation.

Abstract

Detailed studies of the shape of dust emission spectra are possible thanks to the current instruments capable of observations in several sub-millimetre bands (e.g., Herschel and Planck). However, some controversy remains even on the basic effects resulting from the mixing of temperatures along the line-of-sight. Studies have suggested either a positive or a negative correlation between the colour temperature T_C and the observed spectral index beta_Obs. Our aim is to show that both cases are possible and to determine the factors leading to either behaviour. We start by studying the sum of two or three modified black bodies of different temperature. With radiative transfer modelling, we examine the probability distributions of the dust mass as a function of the physical dust temperature. With these results as a guideline, we examine the (T_C, beta_Obs) relations for different sets of clouds. Even in the case of modified blackbodies at temperatures T_0 and T_0+ Delta T_0, the correlation between T_C and beta_Obs can be either positive or negative. If one compares models where Delta T_0 is varied, the correlation is negative. If the models differ in their mean temperature T_0 rather than in Delta T_0, the correlation remains positive. Radiative transfer models show that externally heated clouds have different mean temperatures but the widths of their temperature distributions are rather similar. Thus, the correlation between T_C and beta_Obs is expected to be positive. The same result applies to clouds illuminated by external radiation fields of different intensity. For internally heated clouds a negative correlation is the more likely alternative. If the signal-to-noise ratio is high, the observed negative correlation could be explained by the temperature dependence of the dust optical properties but that intrinsic dependence could be even steeper than the observed one.