Thermodynamics: Extending and Reconstructing of Classical Theoretical Framework

TL;DR

This paper extends classical thermodynamics by introducing new concepts and functions, addressing its limitations, and providing a broader framework to describe energy states, transformations, and irreversibility.

Contribution

It introduces a new state function for thermal energy, identifies three independent forms of internal energy, and extends thermodynamic laws to better explain energy transformations and irreversibility.

Findings

Identification of three independent forms of internal energy

Introduction of the concept of conversion potential

Explicit functions of entropy and insights into the second law

Abstract

The deep problems caused from the limitations of theoretical framework itself can only be clarified by extending and reconstructing of the theoretical framework, we extend classical theoretical framework of thermodynamics, break through the limitations of traditional theory, discuss the unsolvable problems in classical theoretical framework. We introduce a new state function to describe the energy of thermal motion, which is the last undefined form of the internal energy, we find that there are three independent forms of the internal energy of thermodynamic system, it implies a broader theoretical framework, we can directly describe the states and the changes of the different forms of the internal energy. We extend the equations of the first law, present the concept of the conversion potential, distinguish the energy transfer and the energy conversion processes by different functions, we confirm the explicit function of the concept of the entropy, and the origin of the configurational entropy, we discuss in detail on the total differential expression of the entropy production and the second law, the three sources of irreversibility, the compensation relationships of the heat conversion, and the causality principle of the second law, an interesting conclusion shows that the second law itself has already contained the internal mechanism of evolution.