Discovery of Samarium, Europium, Gadolinium, and Terbium Isotopes

TL;DR

This paper reviews the discovery history of specific isotopes of samarium, europium, gadolinium, and terbium, detailing their identification methods and publication origins.

Contribution

It provides a comprehensive overview of the first discoveries and production methods of these isotopes, compiling historical data in a single reference.

Findings

34 samarium isotopes discovered

34 europium isotopes discovered

31 gadolinium and terbium isotopes discovered

Abstract

Currently, thirty-four samarium, thirty-four europium, thirty-one gadolinium, and thirty-one terbium isotopes have been observed and the discovery of these isotopes is discussed here. For each isotope a brief synopsis of the first refereed publication, including the production and identification method, is presented.