Globular cluster luminosity function as distance indicator

TL;DR

The paper reviews the use of the Globular Cluster Luminosity Function as a distance indicator, highlighting its historical significance, recent insights, and the complexities affecting its accuracy due to galaxy and cluster evolution.

Contribution

It provides a comprehensive overview of recent observational and theoretical studies showing the dependencies and limitations of the GCLF as a distance indicator.

Findings

GCLF peak magnitude is influenced by galaxy type and environment.

Recent data suggest systematic dependencies affecting distance estimates.

Complex physics of cluster formation impacts GCLF reliability.

Abstract

Globular clusters are among the first objects used to establish the distance scale of the Universe. In the 1970-ies it has been recognized that the differential magnitude distribution of old globular clusters is very similar in different galaxies presenting a peak at M_V ~ -7.5. This peak magnitude of the so-called Globular Cluster Luminosity Function has been then established as a secondary distance indicator. The intrinsic accuracy of the method has been estimated to be of the order of ~0.2 mag, competitive with other distance determination methods. Lately the study of the Globular Cluster Systems has been used more as a tool for galaxy formation and evolution, and less so for distance determinations. Nevertheless, the collection of homogeneous and large datasets with the ACS on board HST presented new insights on the usefulness of the Globular Cluster Luminosity Function as distance indicator. I discuss here recent results based on observational and theoretical studies, which show that this distance indicator depends on complex physics of the cluster formation and dynamical evolution, and thus can have dependencies on Hubble type, environment and dynamical history of the host galaxy. While the corrections are often relatively small, they can amount to important systematic differences that make the Globular Cluster Luminosity Function a less accurate distance indicator with respect to some other standard candles.