The clustered nature of star formation. Pre--main-sequence clusters in the star-forming region NGC 602/N90 in the Small Magellanic Cloud

TL;DR

This study reveals that star formation in the NGC602/N90 region of the Small Magellanic Cloud is hierarchically structured, with multiple sub-clusters and a significant diffuse population, indicating ongoing and complex star formation processes over the last 5 million years.

Contribution

It provides a detailed analysis of the spatial distribution, age differences, and hierarchical structure of pre-main-sequence stars in NGC602/N90, highlighting the clustered nature of star formation.

Findings

Majority (~60%) of PMS stars are clustered in sub-clusters.

Age difference of ~2.5 Myr between central cluster and sub-clusters.

Region has experienced active star formation over the last ~5 Myr.

Abstract

Located at the tip of the wing of the Small Magellanic Cloud (SMC), the star-forming region NGC602/N90 is characterized by the HII nebular ring N90 and the young cluster of pre--main-sequence (PMS) and early-type main sequence stars NGC602. We present a thorough cluster analysis of the stellar sample identified with HST/ACS camera in the region. We show that apart from the central cluster, low-mass PMS stars are congregated in thirteen additional small compact sub-clusters at the periphery of NGC602. We find that the spatial distribution of the PMS stars is bimodal, with an unusually large fraction (~60%) of the total population being clustered, while the remaining is diffusely distributed in the inter-cluster area. From the corresponding color-magnitude diagrams we disentangle an age-difference of ~2.5Myr between NGC602 and the compact sub-clusters which appear younger. The diffuse PMS population appears to host stars as old as those in NGC602. Almost all detected PMS sub-clusters appear to be centrally concentrated. When the complete PMS stellar sample, including both clustered and diffused stars, is considered in our cluster analysis, it appears as a single centrally concentrated stellar agglomeration, covering the whole central area of the region. Considering also the hot massive stars of the system, we find evidence that this agglomeration is hierarchically structured. Based on our findings we propose a scenario, according to which the region NGC602/N90 experiences an active clustered star formation for the last ~5Myr. The central cluster NGC602 was formed first and rapidly started dissolving into its immediate ambient environment, possibly ejecting also massive stars found away from its center. Star formation continued in sub-clusters of a larger stellar agglomeration, introducing an age-spread of the order of 2.5Myr among the PMS populations.