Massive star-formation toward G28.87+0.07 (IRAS 18411-0338) investigated by means of maser kinematics and radio to infrared, continuum observations

TL;DR

This study uses VLBI, VLA, and Subaru observations to investigate the kinematics and continuum emission of a high-mass star-forming region, revealing a massive young stellar object driving masers, jets, and outflows.

Contribution

First detailed multi-wavelength analysis of G28.87+0.07 combining maser kinematics and continuum data to identify the embedded MYSO and its associated outflows.

Findings

Water masers driven by a protostellar jet

The HMC source hosts ~90% of the region's luminosity

Detection of bipolar outflows and multiple continuum sources

Abstract

We used the Very Long Baseline Array (VLBA) and the European VLBI Network (EVN) to perform phase-referenced VLBI observations of the three most powerful maser transitions associated with the high-mass star-forming region G28.87+0.07: the 22.2 GHz H$_{2}$O, 6.7 GHz CH$_{3}$OH, and 1.665 GHz OH lines. We also performed VLA observations of the radio continuum emission at 1.3 and 3.6 cm and Subaru observations of the continuum emission at 24.5 $\mu$m. Two centimeter continuum sources are detected and one of them (named "HMC") is compact and placed at the center of the observed distribution of H$_{2}$O, CH$_{3}$OH and OH masers. The bipolar distribution of line-of-sight (l.o.s) velocities and the pattern of the proper motions suggest that the water masers are driven by a (proto)stellar jet interacting with the dense circumstellar gas. The same jet could both excite the centimeter continuum source named "HMC" (interpreted as free-free emission from shocked gas) and power the molecular outflow observed at larger scales -- although one cannot exclude that the free-free continuum is rather originating from a hypercompact \ion{H}{2} region. At 24.5 $\mu$m, we identify two objects separated along the north-south direction, whose absolute positions agree with those of the two VLA continuum sources. We establish that $\sim$90% of the luminosity of the region ($\sim$\times10^{5} L_\sun$) is coming from the radio source "HMC", which confirms the existence of an embedded massive young stellar object (MYSO) exciting the masers and possibly still undergoing heavy accretion from the surrounding envelope.