Existence of immersed spheres minimizing curvature functionals in non-compact 3-manifolds

TL;DR

This paper proves the existence of immersed spheres minimizing specific curvature functionals in certain non-compact 3-manifolds, including Euclidean, hyperbolic, and asymptotically Euclidean or hyperbolic spaces, under curvature and geometric conditions.

Contribution

It establishes new existence results for curvature-minimizing spheres in non-compact 3-manifolds with various geometric assumptions, extending previous work to broader settings.

Findings

Existence of smooth embeddings minimizing the Willmore functional in perturbed Euclidean space.

Existence of smooth immersions minimizing a combined curvature functional in manifolds with bounded geometry.

Existence of smooth minimizers for a modified curvature functional under additional curvature bounds.

Abstract

We study curvature functionals for immersed 2-spheres in non-compact, three-dimensional Riemannian manifold $(M,h)$ without boundary. First, under the assumption that $(M,h)$ is the euclidean 3-space endowed with a semi-perturbed metric with perturbation small in $C^1$ norm and of compact support, we prove that if there is some point $\bar{x} \in M$ with scalar curvature $R^M(\bar{x})>0$ then there exists a smooth embedding $f:S^2 \hookrightarrow M$ minimizing the Willmore functional $1/4\int |H|^2$, where $H$ is the mean curvature. Second, assuming that $(M,h)$ is of bounded geometry (i.e. bounded sectional curvature and strictly positive injectivity radius) and asymptotically euclidean or hyperbolic we prove that if there is some point $\bar{x} \in M$ with scalar curvature $R^M(\bar{x})>6$ then there exists a smooth immersion $f:S^2 \hookrightarrow M$ minimizing the functional $\int (1/2|A|^2+1)$, where $A$ is the second fundamental form. Finally, adding the bound $K^M \leq 2$ to the last assumptions, we obtain a smooth minimizer $f:S^2 \hookrightarrow M$ for the functional $\int (1/4|H|^2+1)$. The assumptions of the last two theorems are satisfied in a large class of 3-manifolds arising as spacelike timeslices solutions of the Einstein vacuum equation in case of null or negative cosmological constant.