Mass ratio of elementary excitations in frustrated antiferromagnetic chains with dimerization

TL;DR

This paper investigates the excitation spectra of frustrated antiferromagnetic chains with dimerization, revealing how the mass ratio of elementary excitations varies with frustration and approaches a universal value at the critical point.

Contribution

It provides a combined analytical and numerical analysis of the mass ratio in frustrated chains, showing the influence of marginal perturbations and deriving a formula that matches numerical results.

Findings

Mass ratio depends on frustration and differs from .

At critical frustration, the ratio equals .

Near the critical point, the ratio approaches , but only in a very small region.

Abstract

Excitation spectra of S=1/2 and S=1 frustrated Heisenberg antiferromagnetic chains with bond alternation (explicit dimerization) are studied using a combination of analytical and numerical methods. The system undergoes a dimerization transition at a critical bond alternation parameter $\delta=\delta_{\rm c}$, where $\delta_{\rm c} = 0$ for the S=1/2 chain. The SU(2)-symmetric sine-Gordon theory is known to be an effective field theory of the system except at the transition point. The sine-Gordon theory has a SU(2)-triplet and a SU(2)-singlet of elementary excitation, and the mass ratio $r$ of the singlet to the triplet is $\sqrt{3}$. However, our numerical calculation with the infinite time-evolving block decimation method shows that $r$ depends on the frustration (next-nearest-neighbor coupling) and is generally different from $\sqrt{3}$. This can be understood as an effect of marginal perturbation to the sine-Gordon theory. In fact, at the critical frustration separating the second-order and first-order dimerization transitions, the marginal operator vanishes and $r=\sqrt{3}$ holds. We derive the mass ratio $r$ analytically using form-factor perturbation theory combined with a renormalization-group analysis. Our formula agrees well with the numerical results, confirming the theoretical picture. The present theory also implies that, even in the presence of a marginally irrelevant operator, the mass ratio approaches $\sqrt{3}$ in the very vicinity of the second-order dimerization critical point $\delta \sim \delta_c$. However, such a region is extremely small and would be difficult to observe numerically.