The $\mathbf \Gamma$-limit of the two-dimensional Ohta-Kawasaki energy. I. Droplet density

TL;DR

This paper establishes a Gamma-convergence result for a two-dimensional non-local energy model with Coulomb interaction, revealing that small droplets tend to be round, uniformly distributed, and have similar sizes in the limit.

Contribution

It introduces a Gamma-convergence framework for the Ohta-Kawasaki energy with small volume fraction phases, linking diffuse and sharp interface models through measure convergence.

Findings

Droplets are asymptotically round and uniform in size.

The energy converges to a quadratic form of the limit charge density.

Minimizers exhibit droplets evenly distributed in the domain.

Abstract

This is the first in a series of two papers in which we derive a $\Gamma$-expansion for a two-dimensional non-local Ginzburg-Landau energy with Coulomb repulsion, also known as the Ohta-Kawasaki model in connection with diblock copolymer systems. In that model, two phases appear, which interact via a nonlocal Coulomb type energy. We focus on the regime where one of the phases has very small volume fraction, thus creating small "droplets" of the minority phase in a "sea" of the majority phase. In this paper we show that an appropriate setting for $\Gamma$-convergence in the considered parameter regime is via weak convergence of the suitably normalized charge density in the sense of measures. We prove that, after a suitable rescaling, the Ohta-Kawasaki energy functional $\Gamma$-converges to a quadratic energy functional of the limit charge density generated by the screened Coulomb kernel. A consequence of our results is that minimizers (or almost minimizers) of the energy have droplets which are almost all asymptotically round, have the same radius and are uniformly distributed in the domain. The proof relies mainly on the analysis of the sharp interface version of the energy, with the connection to the original diffuse interface model obtained via matching upper and lower bounds for the energy. We thus also obtain a characterization of the limit charge density for the energy minimizers in the diffuse interface model.