Interplay between sublattice and spin symmetry breaking in graphene

TL;DR

This paper investigates how sublattice and spin symmetry breaking influence the electronic, magnetic, and transport properties of graphene and nanostructures, revealing phase transitions and spin filtering effects through Hubbard model analysis.

Contribution

It provides a comprehensive phase diagram for graphene systems under sublattice symmetry breaking, highlighting new magnetic phases and transport phenomena.

Findings

2D graphene is always insulating with a critical U for antiferromagnetism.

1D graphene exhibits a phase transition to ferromagnetic edge order.

Heterojunctions show a strong spin filter effect.

Abstract

We study the effect of sublattice symmetry breaking on the electronic, magnetic and transport properties of two dimensional graphene as well as zigzag terminated one and zero dimensional graphene nanostructures. The systems are described with the Hubbard model within the collinear mean field approximation. We prove that for the non-interacting bipartite lattice with unequal number of atoms in each sublattice midgap states still exist in the presence of a staggered on-site potential $\pm \Delta/2$. We compute the phase diagram of both 2D and 1D graphene with zigzag edges, at half-filling, defined by the normalized interaction strength $U/t$ and $\Delta/t$, where $t$ is the first neighbor hopping. In the case of 2D we find that the system is always insulating and, we find the $U_c(\Delta)$ curve above which the system goes antiferromagnetic. In 1D we find that the system undergoes a phase transition from non-magnetic insulator for $U<U_C(\Delta)$ to a phase with ferromagnetic edge order and antiferromagnetic inter-edge coupling. The conduction properties of the magnetic phase depend on $\Delta$ and can be insulating, conducting and even half-metallic, yet the total magnetic moment in the system is zero. We compute the transport properties of a heterojunction with two non-magnetic graphene ribbon electrodes connected to a finite length armchair ribbon and we find a strong spin filter effect.