XMM-Newton observation of the persistent Be/NS X-ray binary pulsar RX J0440.9+4431

TL;DR

This study presents XMM-Newton observations of the Be/NS pulsar RX J0440.9+4431, revealing a hot blackbody component indicative of polar cap emission, supporting its classification as a persistent low-luminosity Be/NS pulsar.

Contribution

First detailed analysis of RX J0440.9+4431 showing a hot blackbody component consistent with polar cap emission in a persistent Be/NS pulsar.

Findings

Detected a 204.96 s pulsation period with spin-down trend.

Spectral analysis reveals a blackbody component with kT ~ 1.34 keV and R ~ 273 m.

Luminosity around 8x10^34 erg/s, characteristic of persistent low-luminosity pulsars.

Abstract

Many X-ray accreting pulsars have a soft excess below 10 keV. This feature has been detected also in faint sources and at low luminosity levels, suggesting that it is an ubiquitous phenomenon. In the case of the high luminosity pulsars (Lx > 10^36 erg/s), the fit of this component with thermal emission models usually provides low temperatures (kT < 0.5 keV) and large emission regions (R > a few hundred km); for this reason, it is referred to as a `soft' excess. On the other hand, we recently found that in persistent, low-luminosity (Lx ~ 10^34 erg/s) and long-period (P > 100 s) Be accreting pulsars the observed excess can be modeled with a rather hot (kT > 1 keV) blackbody component of small area (R < 0.5 km), which can be interpreted as emission from the NS polar caps. In this paper we present the results of a recent XMM-Newton observation of the Galactic Be pulsar RX J0440.9+4431, which is a poorly studied member of this class of sources. We have found a best-fit period P = 204.96(+/-0.02) s, which implies an average pulsar spin-down during the last 13 years, with dP/dt ~ 6x10^(-9) s/s. The estimated source luminosity is Lx ~ 8x10^(34) erg/s: this value is higher by a factor < 10 compared to those obtained in the first source observations, but almost two orders of magnitude lower than those measured during a few outbursts detected in the latest years. The source spectrum can be described with a power law plus blackbody model, with kTbb = 1.34(+/-0.04) keV and Rbb = 273(+/-16) m, suggesting a polar-cap origin of this component. Our results support the classification of RX J0440.9+4431 as a persistent Be/NS pulsar, and confirm that the hot blackbody spectral component is a common property of this class of sources.