Ferromagnetic order of nuclear spins coupled to conduction electrons: a combined effect of the electron-electron and spin-orbit interactions

TL;DR

This paper investigates how electron-electron and spin-orbit interactions influence the stability and properties of ferromagnetic nuclear-spin order in a 2D electron gas, revealing anisotropic susceptibilities, gapped spin-wave dispersion, and novel Friedel oscillations.

Contribution

It provides a detailed analysis of the combined effects of electron-electron and spin-orbit interactions on nuclear spin order in 2DEG, including stability conditions and emergent oscillation phenomena.

Findings

Nuclear spin order is of Ising type due to susceptibility anisotropy.

Spin-wave dispersion is gapped at zero momentum.

Long-wavelength Friedel oscillations in spin density are induced by local magnetic moments.

Abstract

We analyze the ordered state of nuclear spins embedded in an interacting two-dimensional electron gas (2DEG) with Rashba spin-orbit interaction (SOI). Stability of the ferromagnetic nuclear-spin phase is governed by nonanalytic dependences of the electron spin susceptibility $\chi^{ij}$ on the momentum ($\tilde{\mathbf{q}}$) and on the SOI coupling constant ($\alpha$). The uniform ($\tq=0$) spin susceptibility is anisotropic (with the out-of-plane component, $\chi^{zz}$, being larger than the in-plane one, $\chi^{xx}$, by a term proportional to $U^2(2k_F)|\alpha|$, where $U(q)$ is the electron-electron interaction). For $\tq \leq 2m^*|\alpha|$, corrections to the leading, $U^2(2k_F)|\alpha|$, term scale linearly with $\tq$ for $\chi^{xx}$ and are absent for $\chi^{zz}$. This anisotropy has important consequences for the ferromagnetic nuclear-spin phase: $(i)$ the ordered state--if achieved--is of an Ising type and $(ii)$ the spin-wave dispersion is gapped at $\tq=0$. To second order in $U(q)$, the dispersion a decreasing function of $\tq$, and anisotropy is not sufficient to stabilize long-range order. However, renormalization in the Cooper channel for $\tq\ll2m^*|\alpha|$ is capable of reversing the sign of the $\tq$-dependence of $\chi^{xx}$ and thus stabilizing the ordered state. We also show that a combination of the electron-electron and SO interactions leads to a new effect: long-wavelength Friedel oscillations in the spin (but not charge) electron density induced by local magnetic moments. The period of these oscillations is given by the SO length $\pi/m^*|\alpha|$.