Weak gravitational lensing effects on cosmological parameters and dark energy from gamma-ray bursts

TL;DR

This study examines how gravitational lensing influences the use of gamma-ray bursts for cosmological measurements, revealing that lensing effects can bias estimates of dark energy and matter density, especially at high redshifts.

Contribution

It provides the first constraints on dark energy's equation of state up to redshift 8 using GRBs, accounting for gravitational lensing effects on cosmological parameters.

Findings

Gravitational lensing shifts the estimated matter density from 0.30 to 0.26.

Lensing causes the dark energy equation of state to appear more negative.

GRBs can constrain dark energy properties at high redshifts up to z~8.

Abstract

Gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) are attractive objects for constraining the nature of dark energy in a way complementary to other cosmological probes, especially at high redshifts. However, the apparent magnitude of distant GRBs can be distorted by the gravitational lensing from the density fluctuations along the line of sight. We investigate the gravitational lensing effect on the cosmological parameters and dark energy equation of state from GRBs. We first calibrated the GRB luminosity relations without assuming any cosmological models. The luminosity distances of low-redshift GRBs were calibrated with the cosmography method using a latest type Ia supernova (SNe Ia) sample. We find that the gravitational lensing has non-negligible effects on the determination of cosmological parameters and dark energy. The gravitational lensing shifts the best-fit constraints on cosmological parameters and dark energy. Because high-redshift GRBs are more likely to be reduced, the most probable value of the observed matter density $\Omega_M$ is slightly lower than its actual value. In the $\Lambda$CDM model, we find that the matter density parameter $\Omega_M$ will shift from 0.30 to 0.26 after including the gravitational lensing effect. The gravitational lensing also affects the dark energy equation of state by shifting it to a more negative value. We constrain the dark energy equation of state out to redshift $z\sim 8$ using GRBs for the first time, and find that the equation of state deviates from $\Lambda$CDM at the $1\sigma$ confidence level, but agrees with $w=-1$ at the $2\sigma$ confidence level.