Magnetic field measurements and their uncertainties: the FORS1 legacy

TL;DR

This study critically re-evaluates magnetic field measurements from the FORS1 instrument, identifying sources of uncertainties and discrepancies, and clarifies the instrument's reliability in stellar magnetism research.

Contribution

The paper develops a semi-automatic data reduction procedure, compares results with previous studies, and clarifies the reliability of FORS1 magnetic field measurements.

Findings

Photon noise does not fully account for error bars at high S/N.

Instrument flexures can cause spurious detections in null profiles.

Some previously published magnetic field detections with FORS1 are not confirmed.

Abstract

During the last decade, the FORS1 instrument of the ESO VLT has been extensively used to study stellar magnetism. A number of interesting discoveries of magnetic fields in several classes of stars have been announced, many of which obtained at a ~3 sigma level; some of the discoveries are confirmed by measurements obtained with other instruments, some are not. Here we investigate the reasons for the discrepancies between the results obtained with FORS1 and those obtained with other instruments. Using the ESO FORS pipeline, we have developed a semi-automatic procedure for magnetic field determination. We have applied this procedure to the full content of circular spectropolarimetric measurements of the FORS1 archive. We have devised and applied a number of consistency checks to our field determinations, and we have compared our results to those previously published in the literature. We find that for high signal-to-noise ratio measurements, photon noise does not account for the full error bars. We discuss how field measurements depend on the specific algorithm adopted for data reduction, and we show that very small instrument flexures, negligible in most of the instrument applications, may be responsible for some spurious field detections in the null profiles. Finally, we find that we are unable to reproduce some results previously published in the literature. Consequently, we do not confirm some important discoveries of magnetic fields obtained with FORS1 and reported in previous publications. Our revised field measurements show that there is no contradiction between the results obtained with the low-resolution spectropolarimeter FORS1 and those obtained with high-resolution spectropolarimeters. FORS1 is an instrument capable of performing reliable magnetic field measurements, provided that the various source of uncertainties are properly taken into account.