Formation of massive globular clusters with heavy element abundance spread in the Galactic building blocks

TL;DR

This study models the formation of massive globular clusters with heavy element abundance spreads in dwarf galaxies, explaining their origins and properties through galaxy interactions and metallicity gradients.

Contribution

It demonstrates that massive GCs with heavy element spreads can form from merging gas regions in dwarf galaxies, highlighting the role of metallicity gradients and galaxy interactions.

Findings

Massive GCs can originate from merging gas clumps with different metallicities.

Heavy element abundance spreads depend on the host dwarf's metallicity gradient.

Formed GCs tend to be flattened due to dissipative formation processes.

Abstract

A growing number of recent observations have revealed that the Galactic globular cluster (GC) omega Cen is not the only GC that shows abundance spread in heavy elements (e.g., Fe). In order to understand the origin of the Galactic GCs with heavy element abundance spread ("HEAS"), we investigate the formation processes of massive GCs (MGCs) with masses larger than 10^6 M_sun in gas-rich dwarf galaxies interacting and merging with the very young Galaxy. We find that massive and compact stellar clumps with masses larger than 10^6 M_sun, which can be regarded as progenitors of MGCs, can form from massive gas clumps that are developed through merging of gaseous regions initially at different regions and thus with different metallicities. Therefore it is inevitable that MGCs formed in dwarfs have HEAS. The abundance spread in each individual MGC depends on the radial metallicity gradient of the host dwarf such that it can be larger for the steeper metallicity gradient. For example, MGCs formed in a dwarf with a central metallicity of [Fe/H]=-1.1 and the radial gradient of -0.2 dex kpc^{-1} can have the abundance spread of Delta [Fe/H] ~.2. The simulated MGCs appear to be significantly flattened owing to their dissipative formation from gas disks of their host dwarfs. Based on these results, we discuss possibly diverse formation mechanisms for the Galactic GCs such as M22, M54, NGC 2419, omega Cen, and Terzan 5.