Three fluid hydrodynamics of spin-1 Bose-Einstein condensates

TL;DR

This paper develops a three-fluid hydrodynamic model for spin-1 Bose-Einstein condensates at finite temperatures, capturing low-frequency excitations and identifying critical modes near phase transitions.

Contribution

It introduces a novel three-fluid hydrodynamic framework for spin-1 Bose gases, extending beyond scalar superfluid models to include spin degrees of freedom.

Findings

Derived coupled hydrodynamic equations for three sound modes.

Numerically evaluated the equations within a mean field approximation.

Identified the critical mode near the phase transition temperature.

Abstract

We study excitations of the spin-1 Bose gas at finite temperatures and in the presence of a not so strong magnetic field, or equivalently, when the gas sample is partially polarized. Motivated by the success of two-fluid hydrodynamics of scalar superfluids we develop a three-fluid hydrodynamic description to treat the low frequency and long wavelength excitations of the spin-1 Bose gas. We derive the coupled linear hydrodynamic equations of the three sounds and evaluate them numerically in a self-consistent mean field approximation valid for the dilute gas at the intermediate and critical temperature regions. In this latter region we identify the critical mode.