A stochastic approach to open quantum systems

TL;DR

This paper reviews stochastic methods, especially the stochastic Schrödinger equation, for analyzing open quantum systems interacting with environments, highlighting recent applications in quantum transport, relaxation, and condensation.

Contribution

It provides a detailed derivation of the stochastic Schrödinger equation and compares its advantages to traditional density matrix approaches.

Findings

Effective modeling of open quantum system dynamics.

Applications to spin thermal transport and Bose-Einstein condensation.

Advantages over reduced density matrix methods.

Abstract

Stochastic methods are ubiquitous to a variety of fields, ranging from Physics to Economy and Mathematics. In many cases, in the investigation of natural processes, stochasticity arises every time one considers the dynamics of a system in contact with a somehow bigger system, an environment, that is considered in thermal equilibrium. Any small fluctuation of the environment has some random effect on the system. In Physics, stochastic methods have been applied to the investigation of phase transitions, thermal and electrical noise, thermal relaxation, quantum information, Brownian motion etc. In this review, we will focus on the so-called stochastic Schr\"odinger equation. This is useful as a starting point to investigate the dynamics of open quantum systems capable of exchanging energy and momentum with an external environment. We discuss in some details the general derivation of a stochastic Schr\"odinger equation and some of its recent applications to spin thermal transport, thermal relaxation, and Bose-Einstein condensation. We thoroughly discuss the advantages of this formalism with respect to the more common approach in terms of the reduced density matrix. The applications discussed here constitute only a few examples of a much wider range of applicability.