On Problems as Hard as CNFSAT

TL;DR

This paper demonstrates that several NP-hard problems, including Hitting Set, Set Splitting, and NAE-Sat, are unlikely to be solved faster than 2^{epsilon n} time for any epsilon<1 unless the Strong Exponential Time Hypothesis (SETH) fails, establishing their computational hardness.

Contribution

The paper proves that certain NP-hard problems cannot be solved in sub-exponential time under SETH, linking their complexity tightly to this hypothesis and extending the understanding of problem hardness.

Findings

Hitting Set, Set Splitting, and NAE-Sat cannot be solved in time O(2^{epsilon n}) for epsilon<1 unless SETH fails.

Under SETH, the best algorithms for Steinter Tree, Connected Vertex Cover, and Set Partitioning are essentially optimal.

The parity of the number of set covers cannot be computed faster than 2^{epsilon n} for epsilon<1 unless SETH fails.

Abstract

The field of exact exponential time algorithms for NP-hard problems has thrived over the last decade. While exhaustive search remains asymptotically the fastest known algorithm for some basic problems, difficult and non-trivial exponential time algorithms have been found for a myriad of problems, including Graph Coloring, Hamiltonian Path, Dominating Set and 3-CNF-Sat. In some instances, improving these algorithms further seems to be out of reach. The CNF-Sat problem is the canonical example of a problem for which the trivial exhaustive search algorithm runs in time O(2^n), where n is the number of variables in the input formula. While there exist non-trivial algorithms for CNF-Sat that run in time o(2^n), no algorithm was able to improve the growth rate 2 to a smaller constant, and hence it is natural to conjecture that 2 is the optimal growth rate. The strong exponential time hypothesis (SETH) by Impagliazzo and Paturi [JCSS 2001] goes a little bit further and asserts that, for every epsilon<1, there is a (large) integer k such that that k-CNF-Sat cannot be computed in time 2^{epsilon n}. In this paper, we show that, for every epsilon < 1, the problems Hitting Set, Set Splitting, and NAE-Sat cannot be computed in time O(2^{epsilon n}) unless SETH fails. Here n is the number of elements or variables in the input. For these problems, we actually get an equivalence to SETH in a certain sense. We conjecture that SETH implies a similar statement for Set Cover, and prove that, under this assumption, the fastest known algorithms for Steinter Tree, Connected Vertex Cover, Set Partitioning, and the pseudo-polynomial time algorithm for Subset Sum cannot be significantly improved. Finally, we justify our assumption about the hardness of Set Cover by showing that the parity of the number of set covers cannot be computed in time O(2^{epsilon n}) for any epsilon<1 unless SETH fails.