Gravitation as a pressure force: a scalar ether theory

TL;DR

This paper proposes a scalar ether theory of gravity interpreting gravity as a pressure force, which modifies Newtonian physics, predicts Schwarzschild's metric, and aligns with some relativistic effects without preferred-frame issues.

Contribution

It introduces a scalar gravity theory based on an ether concept, extending Newton's law to curved spacetime and deriving conservation laws and Maxwell equations within this framework.

Findings

Predicts Schwarzschild's exterior metric

No preferred-frame effects at first post-Newtonian order

Provides a conservation law for total energy in the theory

Abstract

If the presence of a gravitational field breaks the Lorentz symmetry valid for special relativity, an "absolute motion" might be detectable. We summarize a scalar theory of gravity with a such "ether", which starts from a tentative interpretation of gravity as a pressure force. The theory also admits that our physical standards of space and time are affected by gravitation similarly as they are affected by a uniform motion. General motion is governed by an extension of Newton's second law to the curved space-time which is thus obtained. Together with the scalar field equation of the theory, this leads to a true conservation equation for the total energy. The law of motion also leads to an alternative 4-component equation governing the dynamics of a continuum in terms of its energy-momentum tensor. That new equation implies that mass conservation is obtained as a limiting behaviour for a weak and slowly varying gravitational field and/or at a low pressure. In the presence of the Lorentz force field, the new dynamical equation gives the second group of the gravitationally-modified Maxwell equations in the investigated theory. This is consistent with the geometrical optics of the theory as governed by the proposed extension of Newton's second law. The theory has the correct Newtonian limit; it predicts Schwarzschild's exterior metric of general relativity and geodesic motion in the static situation with spherical symmetry. A post-Newtonian approximation of this theory shows that no preferred-frame effect occurs for photons at the (first) post-Newtonian approximation. It is argued that the existence of preferred-frame effects in celestial mechanics, comparable in magnitude with the "relativistic" effects, does not a priori invalidate the theory.