The Cosmic History of Black Hole Growth from Deep Multiwavelength Surveys

TL;DR

This paper reviews the spectral signatures, detection methods, and cosmic growth history of supermassive black holes, highlighting recent progress and future observational prospects in understanding their evolution.

Contribution

It provides a comprehensive overview of AGN spectral signatures, detection techniques, and the cosmic timeline of black hole growth, integrating recent observational findings.

Findings

Supermassive black holes grew predominantly at specific cosmic epochs.

Multiwavelength surveys have advanced understanding of AGN populations.

Future observatories will address key open questions in black hole evolution.

Abstract

Significant progress has been made in the last few years on understanding how supermassive black holes form and grow. In this paper, we begin by reviewing the spectral signatures of Active Galactic Nuclei (AGN) ranging from radio to hard X-ray wavelengths. We then describe the most commonly used methods to find these sources, including optical/UV, radio, infrared and X-ray emission and optical emission lines. We then describe the main observational properties of the obscured and unobscured AGN population. Finally, we summarize the cosmic history of black hole accretion, i.e., when in the history of the Universe supermassive black holes were getting most of their mass. We finish with a summary of open questions and a description of planned and future observatories that are going to help answer them.