Using a Kinematic Definition of the Hubble Parameter to Determine the Cosmological Constant {\Lambda} = 0 in a Balanced Universe

TL;DR

This paper proposes a kinematic approach to defining the Hubble parameter and argues that only a zero cosmological constant allows for the formation of mass particles from radiation with energy independent of inertial frames, implying a balanced universe.

Contribution

It introduces a kinematic definition of the Hubble parameter and demonstrates that a zero cosmological constant is necessary for mass particle formation from radiation in a balanced universe.

Findings

A zero cosmological constant is required for mass particles to form from radiation.

Mass particles have energy independent of inertial systems.

The universe can be balanced with mbda = 0, consistent with the formation of mass from radiation.

Abstract

The Hubble parameter is kinematically defined in terms of the positions and velocities of all particles in a universe which may or may not be finite. This definition is set equal to the Hubble parameter as defined in the Friedman-Lema\^itre solution of general relativity, and which occurs after the inflationary expansion has ended in the Guth model. Because a coordinate system at rest relative to its local Hubble drift is a system in which the cosmic background radiation is observed to be isotropic, it is also an inertial system. Just before the first mass particles are created within a pure radiation universe, there are no mass particles that exist which can define H or the inertial systems associated with the Hubble drift. It will be shown that only a cosmological constant with a magnitude of zero will allow radiation to form mass particles that have a total energy which is independent of inertial systems and is equal to the equivalent energy of their rest mass. Additional mass particles are continuously formed from the radiation throughout the expanding universe after the initial particles are created.