Generalization of the Beck-Cohen superstatistics

TL;DR

This paper introduces generalized superstatistics, a hierarchical framework for nonstationary nonequilibrium systems, exemplified by neutron star magnetospheres, extending traditional superstatistics to include a third control parameter level.

Contribution

It proposes a novel hierarchical superstatistics framework with a random control parameter, enabling modeling of nonstationary systems like neutron star environments.

Findings

Framework applicable to nonstationary systems

Model captures complex energy and parameter distributions

Applied successfully to neutron star pair production

Abstract

Generalized superstatistics, i.e., a "statistics of superstatistics," is proposed. A generalized superstatistical system comprises a set of superstatistical subsystems and represents a generalized hyperensemble. There exists a random control parameter that determines both the density of energy states and the distribution of the intensive parameter for each superstatistical subsystem, thereby forming the third, upper level of dynamics. Generalized superstatistics can be used for nonstationary nonequilibrium systems. The system in which a supercritical multitype age-dependent branching process takes place is an example of a nonstationary generalized superstatistical system. The theory is applied to pair production in a neutron star magnetosphere.