Lock-in detection for pulsed electrically detected magnetic resonance

TL;DR

This paper demonstrates that lock-in detection combined with signal modulation significantly reduces noise and background in pulsed electrically detected magnetic resonance, improving measurement quality.

Contribution

It introduces a lock-in detection scheme with phase cycling in pEDMR, enhancing signal clarity by noise reduction and background suppression.

Findings

Noise level reduced by an order of magnitude

Background signals eliminated effectively

Improved spin-echo measurement quality

Abstract

We show that in pulsed electrically detected magnetic resonance (pEDMR) signal modulation in combination with a lock-in detection scheme can reduce the low-frequency noise level by one order of magnitude and in addition removes the microwave-induced non-resonant background. This is exemplarily demonstrated for spin-echo measurements in phosphorus-doped Silicon. The modulation of the signal is achieved by cycling the phase of the projection pulse used in pEDMR for the read-out of the spin state.