Neutral pion emission from accelerated protons in the supernova remnant W44

TL;DR

This study uses AGILE gamma-ray observations to confirm that neutral pion decay from accelerated protons is the primary source of gamma-ray emission in supernova remnant W44, providing direct evidence of hadronic cosmic-ray production.

Contribution

First direct evidence of pion emission in an SNR, confirming hadronic origin of gamma rays and detailing the proton energy spectrum in W44.

Findings

Gamma-ray emission aligns with the SNR shocked plasma.

Spectrum shows a peak near 1 GeV consistent with pion decay.

Hadron-dominated models fit all multiwavelength data.

Abstract

We present the AGILE gamma-ray observations in the energy range 50 MeV - 10 GeV of the supernova remnant (SNR) W44, one of the most interesting systems for studying cosmic-ray production. W44 is an intermediate-age SNR (20, 000 years) and its ejecta expand in a dense medium as shown by a prominent radio shell, nearby molecular clouds, and bright [SII] emitting regions. We extend our gamma-ray analysis to energies substantially lower than previous measurements which could not conclusively establish the nature of the radiation. We find that gamma-ray emission matches remarkably well both the position and shape of the inner SNR shocked plasma. Furthermore, the gamma-ray spectrum shows a prominent peak near 1 GeV with a clear decrement at energies below a few hundreds of MeV as expected from neutral pion decay. Here we demonstrate that: (1) hadron-dominated models are consistent with all W44 multiwavelength constraints derived from radio, optical, X-ray, and gamma-ray observations; (2) ad hoc lepton-dominated models fail to explain simultaneously the well-constrained gamma-ray and radio spectra, and require a circumstellar density much larger than the value derived from observations; (3) the hadron energy spectrum is well described by a power-law (with index s = 3.0 \pm 0.1) and a low-energy cut-off at Ec = 6 \pm 1 GeV. Direct evidence for pion emission is then established in an SNR for the first time.