Rotational averaging-out gravitational sedimentation of colloidal dispersions and phenomena

TL;DR

This study compares colloidal systems under gravity and with rotational averaging to understand gravity's impact on structure formation, revealing significant differences in phase behavior and crystallization.

Contribution

It demonstrates that rotational averaging effectively isolates gravity effects, providing new insights into colloidal self-assembly and phase transitions.

Findings

Gravity influences colloidal phase sequences and structure formation.

Rotational averaging prevents sedimentation, leading to different crystalline arrangements.

Gravity causes gel collapse and sediment layering, absent in averaged systems.

Abstract

We report on the differences between colloidal systems left to evolve in the earth's gravitational field and the same systems for which a slow continuous rotation averaged out the effects of particle sedimentation on a distance scale small compared to the particle size. Several systems of micron-sized colloidal particles were studied: a hard sphere fluid, colloids interacting via long-range electrostatic repulsions above the freezing volume fraction, an oppositely charged colloidal system close to either gelation and/or crystallization, colloids with a competing short-range depletion attraction and a long-range electrostatic repulsion, colloidal dipolar chains, and colloidal gold platelets under conditions where they formed stacks. Important differences in the structure formation were observed between the experiments where the particles were allowed to sediment and those where sedimentation was averaged out. For instance, in the case of colloids interacting via long-range electrostatic repulsions, an unusual sequence of dilute-Fluid/dilute-Crystal/dense-Fluid/dense-Crystal phases was observed throughout the suspension under the effect of gravity, related to the volume fraction dependence of the colloidal interactions, whereas the system stayed homogeneously crystallized with rotation. For the oppositely charged colloids, a gel-like structure was found to collapse under the influence of gravity with a few crystalline layers grown on top of the sediment, whereas when the colloidal sedimentation was averaged out, the gel completely transformed into crystallites that were oriented randomly throughout the sample. Rotational averaging out gravitational sedimentation is an effective and cheap way to estimate the importance of gravity for colloidal self-assembly processes.