Properties of Umbral Dots as Measured from the New Solar Telescope Data and MHD Simulations

TL;DR

This study analyzes the properties of umbral dots in sunspots using high-resolution observational data and compares them with 3D MHD simulations, revealing similarities and differences in their statistical characteristics.

Contribution

It provides a detailed comparison of observed and simulated umbral dots, highlighting key similarities and discrepancies in their properties.

Findings

Observed UDs are not perfectly circular.

Diameter-intensity relationship varies with umbral brightness.

UD velocity inversely correlates with lifetime.

Abstract

We studied bright umbral dots (UDs) detected in a moderate size sunspot and compared their statistical properties to recent MHD models. The study is based on high resolution data recorded by the New Solar Telescope at the Big Bear Solar Observatory and 3D MHD simulations of sunspots. Observed UDs, living longer than 150 s, were detected and tracked in a 46 min long data set, using an automatic detection code. Total 1553 (620) UDs were detected in the photospheric (low chromospheric) data. Our main findings are: i) none of the analyzed UDs is precisely circular, ii) the diameter-intensity relationship only holds in bright umbral areas, and iii) UD velocities are inversely related to their lifetime. While nearly all photospheric UDs can be identified in the low chromospheric images, some small closely spaced UDs appear in the low chromosphere as a single cluster. Slow moving and long living UDs seem to exist in both the low chromosphere and photosphere, while fast moving and short living UDs are mainly detected in the photospheric images. Comparison to the 3D MHD simulations showed that both types of UDs display, on average, very similar statistical characteristics. However, i) the average number of observed UDs per unit area is smaller than that of the model UDs, and ii) on average, the diameter of model UDs is slightly larger than that of observed ones.