Macrospin approximation and quantum effects in models for magnetization reversal

TL;DR

This paper investigates how quantum fluctuations influence magnetization reversal in nanoparticles, revealing that quantum effects lower energy barriers and that a macrospin model effectively describes the system's low-energy behavior.

Contribution

It introduces a quantum-mechanical analysis of magnetization reversal, showing the emergence of a macrospin model and explicit expressions for effective anisotropy parameters.

Findings

Quantum fluctuations lower the energy barrier for reversal.

No critical anisotropy strength separates reversal mechanisms.

A macrospin model effectively describes the low-energy behavior.

Abstract

The thermal activation of magnetization reversal in magnetic nanoparticles is controlled by the anisotropy-energy barrier. Using perturbation theory, exact diagonalization and stability analysis of the ferromagnetic spin-s Heisenberg model with coupling or single-site anisotropy, we study the effects of quantum fluctuations on the height of the energy barrier. Opposed to the classical case, there is no critical anisotropy strength discriminating between reversal via coherent rotation and via nucleation/domain-wall propagation. Quantum fluctuations are seen to lower the barrier depending on the anisotropy strength, dimensionality and system size and shape. In the weak-anisotropy limit, a macrospin model is shown to emerge as the effective low-energy theory where the microscopic spins are tightly aligned due to the ferromagnetic exchange. The calculation provides explicit expressions for the anisotropy parameter of the effective macrospin. We find a reduction of the anisotropy-energy barrier as compared to the classical high spin-s limit.