Properties and nature of Be stars: 29. Orbital and long-term spectral variations of \gamma\ Cassiopei\ae

TL;DR

This study analyzes over 800 high-resolution spectra of gamma Cassiopeiae over 16.84 years, confirming its binary nature, determining orbital parameters, and examining long-term spectral variations related to its circumstellar envelope.

Contribution

It provides a detailed analysis confirming the binary orbit of gamma Cas, including a reliable ephemeris and orbital elements, based on extensive spectral data.

Findings

Confirmed binary nature of gamma Cas with a circular orbit

Determined orbital period of approximately 203.52 days

Observed anticorrelation between H alpha emission peak intensity and FWHM

Abstract

A detailed analysis of more than 800 electronic high-resolution spectra of gamma Cas, which were obtained during a time interval of over 6000 days (16.84 yrs) at several observatories, documents the smooth variations in the density and/or extend of its circumstellar envelope. We found a clear anticorrelation between the peak intensity and FWHM of the H alpha emission, which seems to agree with recent models of such emission lines. The main result of this study is a confirmation of the binary nature of the object, determination of a reliable linear ephemeris T_{min.RV} = HJD (2452081.9$\pm$0.6) + (203.52$\pm$0.08)*E, and a rather definitive set of orbital elements. We clearly demonstrated that the orbit is circular within the limits of accuracy of our measurements and has a semi-amplitude of radial-velocity curve of 4.30$\pm$0.09 (km/s). No trace of the low-mass secondary was found. The time distribution of our spectra does not allow a reliable investigation of rapid spectral variations, which are undoubtedly present in the spectra. We postpone this investigation for a future study, based on series of dedicated whole-night spectral observations.