Mass-Energy and Momentum Extraction by Gravitational Wave Emission in the Merger of Two Colliding Black Holes: The Non-Head-On Case

TL;DR

This study numerically investigates the mass-energy and momentum extraction via gravitational waves during non-head-on black hole mergers, revealing how collision angle influences energy emission, momentum fluxes, and remnant black hole properties.

Contribution

It introduces a numerical approach using Robinson-Trautman spacetimes to analyze non-head-on black hole collisions and quantifies gravitational wave energy and momentum transfer.

Findings

Efficiency of gravitational wave energy extraction varies with collision angle.

Momentum fluxes are confined to the collision plane and depend on the incidence angle.

The pattern of gravitational waves resembles bremsstrahlung emission.

Abstract

We examine numerically the post-merger regime of two Schwarzschild black holes in non head-on collision. Our treatment is made in the realm of non-axisymmetric Robinson-Trautman spacetimes which are appropriate for the description of the system. Characteristic initial data for the system are constructed and the Robinson-Trautman equation is integrated using a numerical code based on the Galerkin spectral method. The collision is planar, restricted to the plane determined by the directions of the two initial colliding black holes, with the net momentum fluxes of gravitational waves confined to this plane. We evaluate the efficiency of mass-energy extraction, the total energy and momentum carried out by gravitational waves and the momentum distribution of the remnant black hole. Our analysis is based on the Bondi-Sachs four momentum conservation laws. Head-on collisions and orthogonal collisions constitute, respectively, upper and lower bounds to the power emission and to the efficiency of mass-energy extraction by gravitational waves. The momentum extraction and the pattern of the momentum fluxes, as a function of the incidence angle, are examined. The momentum extraction characterizes a regime of strong deceleration of the system. The angular pattern of gravitational wave signals is also examined. They are typically bremsstrahlung for early times emission. Gravitational waves are also emitted outside the plane of collision but this component has a zero net momentum flux. The relation between the incidence angle of collision and the exit angle of the remnant closely approximates a relation for inelastic collisions of classical particles in Newtonian dynamics.