The SOPHIE search for northern extrasolar planets. IV. Massive companions in the planet-brown dwarf boundary

TL;DR

This study enhances understanding of the mass boundary between massive planets and brown dwarfs by discovering new sub-stellar objects and refining their orbital parameters using radial velocity and astrometric data.

Contribution

It reports seven new objects near the planet-brown dwarf boundary, employs novel methods for characterizing their nature, and improves parameters of a known brown dwarf.

Findings

Discovered 7 new sub-stellar objects with masses between 10 and 90 Jupiter masses.

Identified 2 low-mass stars in low-inclination orbits.

Confirmed and refined parameters of a known brown dwarf, HD137510b.

Abstract

The mass domain where massive extrasolar planets and brown dwarfs lay is still poorly understood. Indeed, not even a clear dividing line between massive planets and brown dwarfs has been established yet. This is partly due to the paucity of this kind of objects orbiting close to solar-type stars, the so-called brown dwarf desert, that hinders setting up a strong observational base to compare to models and theories of formation and evolution. We search to increase the current sample of massive sub-stellar objects with precise orbital parameters, and to constrain the true mass of detected sub-stellar candidates. The initial identification of sub-stellar candidates is done using precise radial velocity measurements obtained with the SOPHIE spectrograph at the 1.93-m telescope of the Haute-Provence Observatory. Subsequent characterisation of these candidates, with the principal aim of identifying stellar companions in low-inclination orbits, is done by means of different spectroscopic diagnostics, as the measurement of the bisector velocity span and the study of the correlation mask effect. With this objective, we also employed astrometric data from the Hipparcos mission and a novel method of simulating stellar cross-correlation functions. Seven new objects with minimum masses between ~ 10 Mjup and ~90 Mjup are detected. Out of these, two are identified as low-mass stars in low-inclination orbits, and two others have masses below the theoretical deuterium-burning limit, and are therefore planetary candidates. The remaining three are brown dwarf candidates; the current upper limits for their the masses do not allow us to conclude on their nature. Additionally, we have improved on the parameters of an already-known brown dwarf (HD137510b), confirmed by astrometry.