Finding elementary formulas for theta functions associated to even sums of squares

TL;DR

This paper investigates formulas for efficiently computing the number of representations of integers as sums of even squares using theta functions and modular forms, identifying cases with elementary formulas and emphasizing the need for general algorithms.

Contribution

It characterizes when theta functions for sums of even squares can be expressed via elementary formulas, linking to modular form theory and computational complexity.

Findings

Only finitely many n allow elementary formulas for r_n(m).

Elementary formulas enable log-polynomial time computation of r_n(p).

Most cases require advanced algorithms for Fourier coefficient calculation.

Abstract

This article discusses the classical problem of how to calculate $r_n(m)$, the number of ways to represent an integer $m$ by a sum of $n$ squares from a computational efficiency viewpoint. Although this problem has been studied in great detail, there are very few formulas given for the purpose of computing $r_n(m)$ quickly. More precisely, for fixed $n$, we want a formula for $r_n(m)$ that computes in log-polynomial time (with respect to $m$) when the prime factorization of $m$ is given. Restricting to even $n$, we can view $\theta_n(q)$, the theta function associated to sums of $n$ squares, as a modular form of weight $n/2$ on $\Gamma_1(4)$. In particular, we show that for only a small finite list of $n$ can $\theta_n$ be written as a linear combination consisting entirely of Eisenstein series and cusp forms with complex multiplication. These are the only $n$ that give rise to "elementary" formulas for $r_n(m)$, i.e. formulas such that for a prime $p$, $r_n(p)$ can be calculated in $\cO(\log(p))$-time. Viewing $\theta_n(q)$ as one of the simpler examples of modular forms that are not strictly Eisenstein, this result motivates the necessity of a log-polynomial time algorithm that directly calculates the Fourier coefficients of modular forms in the generic situation when there is no such formula, as described in Couveignes and Edixhoven's forthcoming book (for level 1 cases) and Peter Bruin's Ph.D. thesis (for higher level, including 4).