Bruno Rossi and Cosmic Rays: From Earth laboratories to Physics in Space

TL;DR

Bruno Rossi's pioneering work in cosmic-ray physics evolved into space-based astrophysics, leading to fundamental discoveries like the solar wind and X-ray sources, establishing new research fields and methods.

Contribution

The paper details Rossi's transition from cosmic-ray experiments to space-based astrophysics, highlighting pioneering measurements and discoveries in X-ray astronomy.

Findings

First in situ measurements of solar wind properties.

Discovery of the X-ray source Scorpius X-1.

Foundational contributions to high-energy astrophysics.

Abstract

Rossi's career paralleled the evolution of cosmic-ray physics. Starting from the early 1930s his pioneering work on the nature and behavior of cosmic rays led to fundamental contributions in the field of experimental cosmic-ray physics and laid the foundation for high-energy particle physics. After the war, under his leadership the Cosmic Ray group at MIT investigated the properties of the primary cosmic rays elucidating the processes involved in their propagation through the atmosphere, and measuring the unstable particles generated in the interactions with matter. When accelerators came to dominate particle physics, Rossi's attention focused on the new opportunities for exploratory investigations made possible by the availability of space vehicles. He initiated a research program which led to the first in situ measurements of the density, speed and direction of the solar wind at the boundary of Earth's magnetosphere and inspired the search for extra-solar X-ray sources resulting in the detection of what revealed to be the most powerful X-ray source in Earth's skies. The discovery of Scorpius X-1 marked the beginning of X-ray astronomy, which soon became a principal tool of astrophysics research.