Continuous-Variable Quantum Key Distribution using Thermal States

TL;DR

This paper investigates the security of continuous-variable quantum key distribution using thermal states, showing that adding preparation noise can enhance robustness against channel noise and exploring security limits across different wavelengths.

Contribution

It introduces the counterintuitive idea that large preparation noise can improve security in CV-QKD and analyzes security at various electromagnetic wavelengths.

Findings

Preparation noise can increase robustness to channel noise.

Secure keys are possible even with infinite preparation noise if channel noise is low.

Upper bounds on security are derived for microwave quantum key distribution.

Abstract

We consider the security of continuous-variable quantum key distribution using thermal (or noisy) Gaussian resource states. Specifically, we analyze this against collective Gaussian attacks using direct and reverse reconciliation where both protocols use either homodyne or heterodyne detection. We show that in the case of direct reconciliation with heterodyne detection, an improved robustness to channel noise is achieved when large amounts of preparation noise is added, as compared to the case when no preparation noise is added. We also consider the theoretical limit of infinite preparation noise and show a secure key can still be achieved in this limit provided the channel noise is less than the preparation noise. Finally, we consider the security of quantum key distribution at various electromagnetic wavelengths and derive an upper bound related to an entanglement-breaking eavesdropping attack and discuss the feasibility of microwave quantum key distribution.