The Close Binary Fraction of Dwarf M Stars

TL;DR

This study estimates the close binary fraction of dwarf M stars using SDSS data, finding a 3-4% occurrence rate for binaries with separations less than 0.4 AU, and shows that binary fraction increases with primary star mass.

Contribution

First measurement of close binary fraction in dwarf M stars using large SDSS spectroscopic data and a novel template fitting radial velocity technique.

Findings

Close binary fraction among M dwarfs is 3-4%.

Binary fraction increases with primary star mass.

Sensitivity to large amplitude radial velocity variations over days.

Abstract

We describe a search for close spectroscopic dwarf M star binaries using data from the Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS) to address the question of the rate of occurrence of multiplicity in M dwarfs. We use a template fitting technique to measure radial velocities from 145,888 individual spectra obtained for a magnitude-limited sample of 39,543 M dwarfs. Typically, the three or four spectra observed for each star are separated in time by less than four hours, but for ~17% of the stars, the individual observations span more than two days. In these cases we are sensitive to large amplitude radial velocity variations on time scales comparable to the separation between the observations. We use a control sample of objects having observations taken within a four hour period to make an empirical estimate of the underlying radial velocity error distribution and simulate our detection efficiency for a wide range of binary star systems. We find the frequency of binaries among the dwarf M stars with a<0.4 AU to be 3-4%. Comparison with other samples of binary stars demonstrates that the close binary fraction, like the total binary fraction, is an increasing function of primary mass.