An Illustration of Generalized Thermodynamics by Several Physical Examples

TL;DR

This paper illustrates generalized thermodynamics, which extends standard thermodynamics to non-ergodic systems, using physical examples and discusses its potential to explain phenomena in living cells.

Contribution

It provides physical examples demonstrating the principles of generalized thermodynamics and explores its applications beyond traditional equilibrium thermodynamics.

Findings

Generalized thermodynamics can describe non-ergodic systems.

It coincides with standard thermodynamics in some cases.

Potential to explain physiological phenomena in living cells.

Abstract

It has been shown recently that Bose Gase with weak pair (enough well) interaction is non ergodic system. But Bose Gase with weak pair interaction is so general system that it is evident that the majority of statistical mechanics systems are non ergodic too. It is also has been shown that it is possible to generalize the scheme of standard statistical mechanics and thermodynamics to take into account non ergodicity. This generalization is called a generalized thermodynamics. In some points this generalized thermodynamics coincide with standard equilibrium thermodynamics but some new specific results take place. It has been shown that this new generalized thermodynamics can be used to explain some physiological phenomena which take place in the living cell when the cell is exciting and dying. In the present paper we try to illustrate some basic points of this generalized thermodynamics on some physical examples.