Calibration of the Gaia Radial Velocity Spectrometer from ground-based observations of candidate standard stars

TL;DR

This paper reports ground-based observations of candidate standard stars for Gaia's Radial Velocity Spectrometer, assessing their stability and calibrating velocity zero points to ensure accurate space-based measurements.

Contribution

It provides a comprehensive ground-based validation of candidate standard stars and calibrates spectrograph zero points for Gaia's RVS.

Findings

7% of candidate stars show velocity variations above threshold

Ground-based velocities are consistent across different spectrographs

Most stars remain stable within the adopted criteria

Abstract

The Radial Velocity Spectrometer (RVS) on board of Gaia will perform a large spectroscopic survey to determine the radial velocities of some 1.5x10^8 stars. We present the status of ground-based observations of a sample of 1420 candidate standard stars designed to calibrate the RVS. Each candidate star has to be observed several times before Gaia launch (and at least once during the mission) to ensure that its radial velocity remains stable during the whole mission. Observations are performed with the high-resolution spectrographs SOPHIE, NARVAL and CORALIE, completed with archival data of the ELODIE and HARPS instruments. The analysis shows that about 7% of the current catalogue exhibits variations larger than the adopted threshold of 300 m/s. Consequently, those stars should be rejected as reference targets, due to the expected accuracy of the Gaia RVS. Emphasis is also put here on our observations of bright asteroids to calibrate the ground-based velocities by a direct comparison with celestial mechanics. It is shown that the radial velocity zero points of SOPHIE, NARVAL and CORALIE are consistent with each other, within the uncertainties. Despite some scatter, their temporal variations remain small with respect to our adopted stability criterion.