DC readout experiment in Enhanced LIGO

TL;DR

This paper details the implementation and characterization of DC readout in Enhanced LIGO, replacing RF heterodyne detection, leading to improved noise performance and shot-noise-limited sensitivity in gravitational wave detection.

Contribution

It introduces the DC readout and output mode cleaner modifications in Enhanced LIGO and demonstrates their noise reduction benefits over previous RF readout methods.

Findings

Noise couplings are reduced with DC readout.

Shot-noise-limited sensitivity matches models.

System characterization confirms improved performance.

Abstract

The two 4 km long gravitational wave detectors operated by the Laser Interferometer Gravitational-wave Observatory (LIGO) were modified in 2008 to read out the gravitational wave channel using the DC readout form of homodyne detection and to include an optical filter cavity at the output of the detector. As part of the upgrade to Enhanced LIGO, these modifications replaced the radio-frequency (RF) heterodyne system used previously. We describe the motivations for and the implementation of DC readout and the output mode cleaner in Enhanced LIGO. We present characterizations of the system, including measurements and models of the couplings of the noises from the laser source to the gravitational wave readout channel. We show that noise couplings using DC readout are improved over those for RF readout, and we find that the achieved shot-noise-limited sensitivity is consistent with modeled results.