Unveiling the physical properties and kinematics of molecular gas in the Antennae Galaxies (NGC 4038/9) through high resolution CO (J = 3-2) observations

TL;DR

This study uses high-resolution CO (3-2) observations to map molecular gas in the Antennae Galaxies, revealing detailed distribution, star formation regions, and gas kinematics at ~100 pc scales.

Contribution

First detailed high-resolution mapping of warm, dense molecular gas distribution and kinematics in the Antennae Galaxies using CO (3-2) observations.

Findings

58% of GMAs are in the overlap region

CO (3-2)/CO (1-0) ratios range from 0.3 to 0.8

Gas inflow into NGC 4039's central disk suggested

Abstract

We present a ~ 1" (100 pc) resolution 12CO (3-2) map of the nearby intermediate stage interacting galaxy pair NGC 4038/9 (the Antennae galaxies) obtained with the Submillimeter Array. We find that half the CO (3-2) emission originates in the overlap region where most of the tidally induced star formation had been previously found in shorter wavelength images, with the rest being centered on each of the nuclei. The gross distribution is consistent with lower resolution single dish images, but we show for the first time the detailed distribution of the warm and dense molecular gas across this galaxy pair at resolutions comparable to the size of a typical giant molecular complex. While we find that 58% (33/57) of the spatially resolved Giant Molecular Associations (GMAs; a few x 100 pc) are located in the overlap region, only \leqq 30% spatially coincides with the optically detected star clusters, suggesting that the bulk of the CO (3-2) emission traces the regions with very recent or near future star formation activity. The spatial distribution of the CO (3-2)/CO (1-0) integrated brightness temperature ratios mainly range between 0.3 and 0.8, which suggests that on average the CO (3-2) line in the Antennae is not completely thermalized and similar to the average values of nearby spirals. A higher ratio is seen in both nuclei and the southern complexes in the overlap region. Higher radiation field associated with intense star formation can account for the nucleus of NGC 4038 and the overlap region, but the nuclear region of NGC 4039 show relatively little star formation or AGN activities and cannot be easily explained. We show kinematical evidence that the high line ratio in NGC 4039 is possibly caused by gas inflow into the counter-rotating central disk.